Determine the significance and clinical use of C-Reactive Protein in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
C-Reactive Protein – CRP
Description:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is made in the liver in response to inflammation
Measures CRP in the blood
- Increases quickly
- Decreases quickly
Indications:
Monitor or Identify:
- Inflammation in the body
- Appendicitis
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Crohn’s
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Lupus (SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
Evaluate:
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Cholesterol level – atherosclerosis
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal –
Determine the significance and clinical use of measuring Creatinine Clearance in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Creatinine Clearance – CrCl
Description:
Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood. It then passes out of your body through urine. Creatinine is created in the body as a byproduct from normal wear and tear on muscles and protein in your diet.
Creatinine Clearance is a test that compares the level of creatinine in the blood against the level in the urine and evaluates Glomerular Filtration Rate. Hydration, blood volume status, blood pressure, and the state of the glomeruli impact GFR.
Remember that GFR is the amount of blood cleaned each minute by tiny filters in your kidneys called glomeruli.
An increase in CrCl indicates an increase in GFR.
Indications:
The creatinine clearance test is done when your healthcare provider thinks that the eGFR result given with your blood creatinine level may not be accurate. This would be in patients who have diabetes, those with HF, those with kidney disease, and is sometimes evaluated in those with hypertension.
- Kidney Function
- GFR
- Diabetes
- Heart Failure
- Hypertension
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – Creatinine clearance rates go down as you age
- Male: 97 to 137 mL/min
- Female: 88 to 128 mL/min
For every decade after age 40, a normal test result is 6.5 mL/min less than the numbers above.
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube for serum
- Urine is collected for 24 H in a plastic container
- First void is flushed
- Date and time recorded, and urine collected and stored at room temperature
- Processed once collection is complete
What would cause increased levels?
Increased Creatinine Clearance→ Increased GFR
- Pregnancy- higher blood volume
- Large protein intake
- Exercise
What would cause decreased levels?
The kidneys are solely responsible for removing Creatinine from the blood. If kidney function is declining, the creatinine level increases in the blood, but less creatinine is excreted into the urine.
Decreased Creatinine Clearance→ Decreased GFR
- Abnormal kidney function
- Poor perfusion
- Dehydration
- Bladder obstruction
- Nephrotoxic medications
Determine the significance and clinical use of alkaline phosphatase in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Alkaline Phosphatase – ALP
Description:
Measures amount of ALP in circulation
Located in several places in the body:
- Liver
- Intestines
- Biliary tract
- Bones
- Placenta
Different isoenzymes of ALP are used to determine:
- Liver, bone, intestine and other cancers
- Bone turnover in postmenopausal women
Indications:
Evaluation of ALP:
- Hepatobiliary disease
- Malignancies
- Bone disease
- Bone damage in renal patients
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 40-130 U/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
Increased levels assessed in:
- Liver disease
- Bone disease
- Pregnancy
- Amyloidosis
- Lung cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Congestive heart failure
- Ulcerative colitis
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Chronic renal failure
- Sarcoidosis
What would cause decreased levels?
- Hypophosphatasia (spelling error on existing outline on NURSING.com)
- Anemia
- Kwashiorkor
- Cretinism
- Hypothyroidism
- Zinc or magnesium deficiency
- Scurvy
Determine the significance and clinical use of Alanine Aminotransferase in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Alanine Aminotransferase – ALT
Description:
Measures amount of ALT, an enzyme produced by the liver, present in circulation
Found in:
Most abundantly in liver
Heart
Skeletal muscle
kidney
Increases in lab values indicate liver disease or liver damage
Indications:
Evaluation of ALT:
- Progression of liver disease
- Monitoring response to treatment
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 40-130 U/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
INCREASED:
- Cirrhosis
- Muscle damage
- Preeclampsia
- Biliary tract obstruction
- Burns
- Pancreatitis
- Long-term alcohol abuse
- Liver Cancer
- Muscular dystrophy
- MI
- Myositis
- Shock
- Infection-mononucleosis
What would cause decreased levels?
DECREASED:
- Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency
- A rare genetic metabolic disorder
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What is the Lab Name for White Blood Cell (WBC) Lab Values?
White Blood Cell
What is the Lab Abbreviation for White Blood Cell?
WBC
What is White Blood Cell in terms of Nursing Labs?
White blood cells (WBCs) are created in the bone marrow. Their primary function is to defend the body against infection. There are various types of WBCs which have different shapes and functions. Decreased WBC count is called Leukopenia and increased WBC count is called Leukocytosis.
What is the Normal Range for White Blood Cell?
4,500 – 10,000 cells/mcL
What are the Indications for White Blood Cell?
- Evaluate for infection
- Infection/inflammation
- Leukemic Neoplasia
- Trauma/stress
- Tissue necrosis
- Pregnancy
- Cushing Disease
- Asthma
- Allergic reaction
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Anemia
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Chemotherapy/radiation
- Overwhelming infections (WBCs are all used up)
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Overview
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What is the Lab Name for Troponin I (cTNL) Lab Values?
Troponin I
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Troponin I?
cTNL
What is Troponin I in terms of Nursing Labs?
Troponins are proteins that initiate contraction of muscle fibers. Troponin I (cTNL) is specific to heart muscle. Troponin levels stay elevated for a week after muscle damage before returning to normal.
What is the Normal Range for Troponin I?
There is a wide range of normal values among varying institutions and texts with regard to Troponin I. It is essential to verify institutional norms. < 0.035 ng/mL
What are the Indications for Troponin I?
- Evaluating damage to heart muscle
- Diagnose a Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Heart damage
- Myocardial Infarction (MI)
N/A
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What is the Lab Name for Triglycerides (TG) Lab Values?
Triglycerides
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Triglycerides?
TG
What is Triglycerides in terms of Nursing Labs?
Triglycerides (TG) are required to provide energy during the metabolic process, excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.
What is the Normal Range for Triglycerides?
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Description:
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is released from the anterior pituitary in response to low levels of thyroid hormone.
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- T3 and T4 have an inverse relationship with TSH
Indications:
Aids to diagnose:
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Anterior pituitary function
Monitor:
- Thyroid replacement therapy
Normal –
2-10 mU/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
TSH levels increase in the following conditions:
- Hypothyroidism
- Thyroidectomy
- Thyroid dysfunction
- Thyroiditis
- Thyroid Agenesis
- Large doses of iodine
- Pituitary TSH-secreting tumor
What would cause decreased levels?
Recall the inverse relationship between TSH and T3/T4 labs, and how the negative feedback loop works with these hormones.
TSH levels decrease in the following conditions:
- Anterior pituitary hypofunction- If the pituitary isn’t secreting TSH, the level will be low.
- Hyperthyroidism- If there is a large amount of thyroid hormone circulating, the feedback system relays the info upstream and less TSH is released.
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What is the Lab Name for Sodium (Na+) Lab Values?
Sodium
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Sodium?
Na+
What is Sodium in terms of Nursing Labs?
Sodium (Na+) is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid. Sodium aids in osmotic pressure, renal retention and excretion of water, acid-base balance, regulation of other cations and anions in the body, plays a role in blood pressure regulation, and stimulation of neuromuscular reactions. Sodium and water have a direct relationship; Water follows salt.
What is the Normal Range for Sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
What are the Indications for Sodium?
- Monitor:
- Extracellular osmolality
- Electrolyte balance
- Cushing Syndrome
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Dehydration
- Burn injury
- Azotemia (elevated nitrogen)
- Lactic acidosis (LA)
- Fever/excessive sweating
- Excessive IV fluids containing sodium
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Osmotic diuresis
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Diuretic use
- Metabolic acidosis
- Addison Disease
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Ascites
- Excessive Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
- Liver failure
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What is the Lab Name for Red Blood Cell (RBC) Lab Values?
Red Blood Cell
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Red Blood Cell?
RBC
What is Red Blood Cell in terms of Nursing Labs?
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) contain hemoglobin which is responsible for oxygen transport throughout the body. RBCs are primarily produced in the bone marrow, they have a life span of 120 days and are destroyed in the spleen and liver. RBC production is regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) which is produced and released from the kidneys.
What is the Normal Range for Red Blood Cell?
Male: 4.5 – 5.5 x106/cells/mm3 Female: 4.0 – 4.9 x106/cells/mm3
What are the Indications for Red Blood Cell?
- Identify:
- Anemia
- Blood loss
- Dehydration
- Polycythemia Vera
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- High altitude
- Congenital heart disease
- CorPulmonale
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Thalassemia trait
- Chemotherapy
- Anemia
- Hemorrhage
- Hemolysis
- Hemoglobinopathy
- Advanced cancer
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Pernicious anemia
- Rheumatoid disease
- Organ failure
- Bone marrow failure
- Hypervolemia
- Pregnancy
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of Prostate Specific Antigen in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Prostate Specific Antigen – PSA
Description:
Measurement of PSA in the bloodstream
Used to diagnose and assess prostate health, size and function.
Indications:
Evaluate:
- Enlarged prostate when prostate cancer is suspected
- Stage cancer
- Effectiveness of treatments
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal –
- Male: < 4 ng/mL
- Female: < 0.5 ng/mL
Collection:
- Serum Separator Tube
Increased:
- Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- Prostate cancer
- Prostatitis
- Urinary retention
Decreased:
- Long-term use of NSAIDs- explained in part by the anti-inflammatory effect of these medications
- Thiazides- reduces bioavailable testosterone, associated with resulting in functional hypogonadism
- Statins- cholesterol plays a role in synthesis of androgen, which affects the size of the prostate
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors- due to the effect on prostate size.
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What is the Lab Name for Potassium (K+) Lab Values?
Potassium
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Potassium?
K+
What is Potassium in terms of Nursing Labs?
Potassium (K+) is the most abundant intracellular cation and plays a vital role in the transmission of electrical impulses in cardiac and skeletal muscle. It plays a role in acid base equilibrium. In states of acidosis hydrogen with enter the cell as this happens it will force potassium out of the cell, a 0.1 decrease in pH will cause a 0.5 increase in K+.
What is the Normal Range for Potassium?
3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
What are the Indications for Potassium?
- Evaluate:
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Monitor patients who are:
- Acidotic
- Receiving diuretic therapyw
What would cause Increased Levels of Potassium?
- Renal failure
- Hypoaldosteronism
- Addison disease
- Injury to tissues
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Ketoacidosis
- Hyperventilation
- Acidosis
- Infection
- Dehydration
- Burns
What would cause Decreased Levels of Potassium?
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Excess insulin
- Alkalosis
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Cushing Syndrome
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What is the Lab Name for Platelets (PLT) Lab Values?
Platelets
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Platelets?
(PLT)
What is Platelets in terms of Nursing Labs?
Platelets (PLT) play a role in coagulation, hemostasis, and thrombus formation. Platelets are the smallest blood cell, damaged vessels send out signals that result in platelets traveling to the area and becoming “active”.
What is the Normal Range for Platelets?
100,000 – 450,000 cells/mcL
What are the Indications for Platelets?
- Determine clotting vs bleeding disorders
What would cause Increased Levels of Platelets?
- Malignancy
- Polycythemia Vera
- Postsplenectomy syndrome
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Tuberculosis
- Birth control
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
- Inherited thrombocytopenia disorders:
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
- Zieve Syndrome
- Infection:
- Hepatitis
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Measles
- Sepsis
- Hypersplenism
- Hemorrhage
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Drug Therapy:
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Sulfa antibiotics
- Hydralazine
- Thiazide diuretics
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Hemolytic anemia’s
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What is the Lab Name for Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Lab Values?
Partial Thromboplastin Time
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Partial Thromboplastin Time?
PTT
What is Partial Thromboplastin Time in terms of Nursing Labs?
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)evaluates the function of factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. PTT represents the amount of time required for a fibrin clot to form. Monitors therapeutic ranges for people taking Heparin.
What is the Normal Range for Partial Thromboplastin Time?
25 – 35 seconds
What are the Indications for Partial Thromboplastin Time?
- Detection of coagulation disorders
- Evaluate response to Heparin (PT for Coumadin)
- Preoperative assessment
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Clotting Factor Deficiencies:
- Hypofibrinogenemia
- Von Willebrand Disease
- Hemophillia
- Liver disease:
- Cirrhosis
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Polycythemia
- Dialysis
N/A
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What is the Lab Name for Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) Lab Values?
Oxygen Saturation
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Oxygen Saturation?
SaO2
What is Oxygen Saturation in terms of Nursing Labs?
Oxygen saturation (SaO2) is a measurement of the percentage of how much hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen. Oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways: oxygen dissolved in blood plasma (pO2) and oxygen bound to hemoglobin (SaO2). About 97% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin while 3% is dissolved in plasma. SaO2 and pO2 have direct relationships, if one is decreased so is the other. The relationship between oxygen saturation (SaO2) and partial pressure O2 (PaO2) is referred to as the oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) dissociation curve. SaO2 of about 90% is associated with PaO2 of about 60 mmHg. For more information on PaO2, SaO2 and oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve visit this link HERE.
What is the Normal Range for Oxygen Saturation?
95 – 100%
What are the Indications for Oxygen Saturation?
- Determine respiratory status
- Part of Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) testing
What would cause Increased Levels of Oxygen Saturation?
- Polycythemia
- Increased inspired O2
- Hyperventilation
- Anemia’s
- Hypoventilation
- Bronchospasm
- Mucus plugs
- Atelectasis
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary edema
- Adult respiratory distress syndrome
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What is the Lab Name for Osmolality Lab Values?
Osmolality
What is Osmolality in terms of Nursing Labs?
Osmolality is a measure of the particles in solution. The size, shape, and charge of the particles do not impact the osmolality
What is the Normal Range for Osmolality?
261 – 280 mOsm/kg
What are the Indications for Osmolality?
- Monitor:
- Electrolyte balance
- Acid-Base balance
- Hydration
- Evaluate function of antidiuretic hormone.
What would cause Increased Levels of Osmolality?
- Dehydration
- Azotemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Syndrome (HHS)
- Hypernatremia
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Hyperglycemia
- Mannitol therapy
- Uremia
- Severe pyelonephritis
- Shock
- Ketosis
What would cause Decreased Levels of Osmolality?
- Hyponatremia
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
- Overhydration
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What is the Lab Name for Creatinine (Cr) Lab Values?Magnesium
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Creatinine?
Mg
What is Creatinine in terms of Nursing Labs?
Magnesium (Mg) is a cation necessary for protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, muscle contraction, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) use, nerve impulse conduction, and blood clotting. Magnesium affects the absorption of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium.
What is the Normal Range for Magnesium?
1.6 - 2.6mg/dL
What are the Indications for Magnesium?
- Monitor:
- Renal failure
- Chronic alcoholism
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Renal insufficiency
- Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Addison Disease
- Dehydration
- Hypothyroidism
- Overuse of antacids
- Tissue trauma
What would cause Decreased Levels of Magnesium?
- Alcoholism
- Diabetic acidosis
- Renal failure:
- Glomerulonephritis
- Hypercalcemia
- Malnutrition
- Malabsorption
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Diarrhea
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What is the Lab Name for Low Density Lipoprotein Lab Values?
Low Density Lipoprotein
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Low Density Lipoprotein?
LDL
What is Low Density Lipoprotein in terms of Nursing Labs?
Cholesterol is transported via lipoproteins. There are multiple types of lipoproteins and they each have slightly different functions: high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). LDL cholesterol is considered bad cholesterol because as it travels through the blood, it deposits cholesterol into the lining of blood vessels, causing atherosclerosis and an increase in cardiovascular disease.
What is the Normal Range for Low Density Lipoprotein?
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of Lipase in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Lipase
Description:
Lipase
Measurement of lipase in the blood
- Used to diagnose pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
- An enzyme produced by the pancreas
- Aids in breakdown of fats
- Released into the bloodstream as a result of damage to the pancreas
Indications:
Diagnose:
- Pancreatitis
- Severe upper abdominal pain
- Abdominal pain – radiates
- Fever
- N/V
- Tachycardia
- Pancreatic cancer
- Discoloration of urine and stool
- Weight loss
- Diabetes
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal:
- 23-300 U/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
- Serum separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
- Pancreatitis
- Pancreatic cyst
- Pseudocyst
- Pancreatic duct obstruction
- Renal failure
- Cholecystitis
- Peptic ulcer disease
What would cause decreased levels?
N/A
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What is the Lab Name for Lactic Acid Lab Values?
Lactic Acid
What is Lactic Acid in terms of Nursing Labs?
Lactate (Lactic Acid) is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. Normally, the tissues use aerobic metabolism to breakdown glucose for energy and the byproduct is CO2 and H2O which we excrete through our kidneys and exhalation. However, if the tissues are starved of oxygen (hypoxic), they use anaerobic metabolism. This can be compounded if the liver is also hypoxic causing the liver to be unable to clear the lactic acid.
What is the Normal Range for Lactic Acid?
0.3 -2.6 mmol/L
What are the Indications for Lactic Acid?
- Determine cause of acidosis
- Evaluate tissue oxygenation
What would cause Increased Levels of Lactic Acid?
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Tissue ischemia
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Lactic acidosis
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Strenuous exercise
What would cause Decreased Levels of Lactic Acid?
N/A
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of iron levels in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Iron – Fe
Description:
Measures the amount of Fe in the bloodstream.
Evaluates:
- Sufficient Fe level
- oxygen transport
- proper hemoglobin & RBC production
Iron (Fe) is an element that is an important component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Iron aids hemoglobin’s transport of oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
The storage form of iron is ferritin. Iron is transported in the blood by a protein called transferrin.
Indications:
Identify:
- Blood loss
- Hemochromatosis
- Malabsorption of iron
- Iron overload
Type of anemia:
- Thalassemia
- Sideroblastic anemia
- Iron deficient anemia
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal –
50-175 μg/dL
Collection:
- plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels:
What would cause Increased Levels of Iron?
- Hemochromatosis
- Lead toxicity
- Iron poisoning
- Acute liver disease
- Multiple blood transfusions
- Hemolytic anemia
- Sideroblastic anemia
What would cause decreased levels:
What would cause Decreased Levels of Iron?
- Blood Loss:
- Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding
- Heavy menstruation
- Chronic hematuria
- Hypothyroidism
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Inadequate absorption of iron
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What is the Lab Name for International Normalized Ratio (INR) Lab Values?
International Normalized Ratio
What is the Lab Abbreviation for International Normalized Ratio?
INR
What is International Normalized Ratio in terms of Nursing Labs?
International normalized ratio(INR) takes results from a prothrombin time test and standardizes it regardless of collection method.
What is the Normal Range for International Normalized Ratio?
0.8 – 1.2 Therapeutic Levels on Warfarin 2.0 – 3.5
What are the Indications for International Normalized Ratio?
- Evaluate therapeutic doses of Warfarin
- Identify patients at higher risk for bleeding
- Identify cause of:
- Bleeding
- Deficiencies
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Liver disease
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Warfarin
- Too much vitamin K
- Estrogen containing medications such as birth control
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What is the Lab Name for High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Lab Values?
High Density Lipoprotein
What is the Lab Abbreviation for High Density Lipoprotein?
HDL
What is High Density Lipoprotein in terms of Nursing Labs?
Cholesterol is transported via lipoproteins. There are multiple types of lipoproteins and they each have slightly different functions: high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). HDL cholesterol is considered the good cholesterol because it travels through the blood picking up extra cholesterol and taking it back to the liver.
What is the Normal Range for High Density Lipoprotein?
60 optimal mg/dL
What are the Indications for High Density Lipoprotein?- Monitor risks of heart disease
What would cause Increased Levels of High Density Lipoprotein?
- Familial HDL Lipoproteinemia
- Exercise
- Unsaturated fats:
- Mono-
- Poly-
- Hypothyroid
What would cause Decreased Levels of High Density Lipoprotein?
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Hepatocellular disease:
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Hypoproteinemia:
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Malnutrition
- Smoking
- High saturated and trans fat diets
- Excess body weight
- Hyperthyroid
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What is the Lab Name for Hemoglobin (Hbg) Lab Values?
Hemoglobin
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Hemoglobin?
Hbg
What is Hemoglobin in terms of Nursing Labs?
Hemoglobin (Hbg), an iron containing compound, is the main protein in Red Blood Cells (RBCs). It enables oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) to bind to RBCs for transport throughout the body.
What is the Normal Range for Hemoglobin?
Male: 13.5 – 16.5 g/dL | Female: 12.0 – 15.0 g/dL
What are the Indications for Hemoglobin?
Identify:
- Bleeding disorders
- Anemia
- Blood loss
What would cause Increased Levels of Hemoglobin?
- Erythrocytosis
- Polycythemia Vera
- Shock
- Dehydration
- Severe burns
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Congenital Heart Disease
What would cause Decreased Levels of Hemoglobin?
- Anemia
- Blood Loss
- Bone Marrow Disorders:
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Multiple myeloma
- Aplastic anemia
- Severe burns
- Hyperthyroidism
- Renal disease
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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What is the Lab Name for Hematocrit (Hct) Lab Values?
Hematocrit
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Hematocrit?
Hct
What is Hematocrit in terms of Nursing Labs?
Hematocrit (Hct) is the percentage of the blood that is made up of packed Red Blood Cells (RBCs). A hematocrit level of 40% indicates that there are 40 mL packed red blood cells in 100 mL of blood.
What is the Normal Range for Hematocrit?
Male: 41 – 50% | Female: 36 – 44%
What are the Indications for Hematocrit?
- Identify:
- Anemia
- Bleeding
- Bleeding disorder
- Fluid imbalances
- Erythrocytosis
- Polycythemia Vera
- Shock
- Dehydration
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Congenital Heart Disease
What would cause Decreased Levels of Hematocrit?
- Anemia
- Blood loss
- Bone marrow disorders:
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Hodgkin disease
- Multiple myeloma
- Aplastic anemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Renal disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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What is the Lab Name for Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Lab Values?
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Glycosylated Hemoglobin?
HbA1c
What is Glycosylated Hemoglobin in terms of Nursing Labs?
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the combination of glucose and hemoglobin. When glucose is elevated in the blood the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin increases proportionally. A red blood cells lifespan is about 4 months, so you can get an idea of blood sugar control over the last several months.
What is the Normal Range for Glycosylated Hemoglobin?
5.6-7.5 % of total Hgb
What are the Indications for Glycosylated Hemoglobin?
- Assess control of blood sugars over a several month time frame
- Diagnose Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
What would cause Increased Levels of Glycosylated Hemoglobin?
- Poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus(DM)
- Non-Diabetic Hyperglycemia:
- Stress
- Cushing Syndrome
- Pheochromocytoma
- Corticosteroid Therapy
What would cause Decreased Levels of Glycosylated Hemoglobin?
- Renal failure
- Blood loss
- Hemolytic anemia
- Sickle cell anemia
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What is the Lab Name for Glucose Lab Values?
Glucose
What is Glucose in terms of Nursing Labs?
Glucose is a sugar molecule that is a component of carbohydrates. Glucose provides energy in the body and is absorbed from the blood to the cells for nourishment via insulin. The pancreas secretes insulin to helps regulate levels of glucose in the blood. Glucose levels naturally rise after meals with the intake of carbohydrates.
What is the Normal Range for Glucose?
70-115 mg/dL
What are the Indications for Glucose?- Diagnose:
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Monitor treatments for Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
What would cause Increased Levels of Glucose?
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Stress
- Pancreatitis
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Cushing Syndrome
- Corticosteroid therapy
What would cause Decreased Levels of Glucose?
- Insulinoma
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypopituitarism
- Addison Disease
- Insulin overdose
- Starvation
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What is the Lab Name for Folic Acid Lab Values?
Folic Acid
What is Folic Acid in terms of Nursing Labs?
Folic acid is an essential water soluble B vitamin. It is stored in the liver and is an important part of Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC) function, DNA replication, and cell division.
What is the Normal Range for Folic Acid?
2 – 20 ng/mL
What are the Indications for Folic Acid?
- Diagnose megaloblastic anemia
- Monitor effects of long-term Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
- Identify Folate Deficiency
What would cause Increased Levels of Folic Acid?
- Excess folate intake
What would cause Decreased Levels of Folic Acid?
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Pernicious anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Celiac Disease or Crohn Disease
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBS)
- Alcoholism
- Malnutrition
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What is the Lab Name for Ferritin Lab Values?
Ferritin
What is Ferritin in terms of Nursing Labs?
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron. It is formed in the liver spleen and bone marrow. Ferritin in the blood is usually proportional to stored ferritin. Ferritin is a more sensitive and specific test for identifying iron-deficiency anemia, however, it is usually measured in conjunction with total iron binding capacity and iron.
What is the Normal Range for Ferritin?
20-300 ng/mL
What are the Indications for Ferritin?
- Diagnosing:
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Hemochromatosis
- Monitor:
- Iron levels
What would cause Increased Levels of Ferritin?
- Inflammation
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Multiple blood transfusions
- Hemochromatosis
- Long term Gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
What would cause Decreased Levels of Ferritin?
- Long term Gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate- ESR
Description:
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test measures sedimentation of Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
In normal conditions, RBCs settle or sediment very little.
Inflammation affects proteins in the blood causing RBCs to stick and settle together out of the liquid portion of the blood.
Indications:
Identifies inflammation which assists in diagnosing:
- Cancer
- Infection
- Autoimmune diseases
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 0-20 mm/hr
What would cause increased levels?
Increased
Conditions:
- Anemia
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Infection
- Tuberculosis
- Pregnancy
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Multiple myeloma
Medications:
- Oral contraceptives
- Theophylline
- Vitamin A
What would cause decreased levels?
Decreased
Conditions:
- Sickle cell anemia
- Polycythemia Vera
- Leukocytosis
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Medications:
- Aspirin
- Cortisone
- Quinine
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of D-Dimer in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
D-Dimer- DDI
Description:
Measurement of D-Dimer evaluates the amount of byproduct produced as part of fibrinolysis
D-dimer (DDI) is a product of fibrinolysis
D-dimer levels are elevated in the setting of clot breakdown, and will be significantly elevated in the setting of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
Indications:
Identify and monitor
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Rule out a blood clot:
- Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Stroke
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – ≤ 250 ng/mL
Collection:
- Light blue lab tube
What would cause increased levels?
Increased
- Surgery
- Trauma
- Infection
- Cancer
- Heart attack
- Pregnancy
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Indicates a lack of the substance that is released during the breakdown of a blood clot (i.e. lack of blood clots, or lack of fibrinolysis)
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of C-Reactive Protein in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
C-Reactive Protein – CRP
Description:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is made in the liver in response to inflammation
Measures CRP in the blood
- Increases quickly
- Decreases quickly
Indications:
Monitor or Identify:
- Inflammation in the body
- Appendicitis
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Crohn’s
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Lupus (SLE – Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
Evaluate:
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Cholesterol level – atherosclerosis
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal –
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of measuring Creatinine Clearance in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Creatinine Clearance – CrCl
Description:
Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood. It then passes out of your body through urine. Creatinine is created in the body as a byproduct from normal wear and tear on muscles and protein in your diet.
Creatinine Clearance is a test that compares the level of creatinine in the blood against the level in the urine and evaluates Glomerular Filtration Rate. Hydration, blood volume status, blood pressure, and the state of the glomeruli impact GFR.
Remember that GFR is the amount of blood cleaned each minute by tiny filters in your kidneys called glomeruli.
An increase in CrCl indicates an increase in GFR.
Indications:
The creatinine clearance test is done when your healthcare provider thinks that the eGFR result given with your blood creatinine level may not be accurate. This would be in patients who have diabetes, those with HF, those with kidney disease, and is sometimes evaluated in those with hypertension.
- Kidney Function
- GFR
- Diabetes
- Heart Failure
- Hypertension
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – Creatinine clearance rates go down as you age
- Male: 97 to 137 mL/min
- Female: 88 to 128 mL/min
For every decade after age 40, a normal test result is 6.5 mL/min less than the numbers above.
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube for serum
- Urine is collected for 24 H in a plastic container
- First void is flushed
- Date and time recorded, and urine collected and stored at room temperature
- Processed once collection is complete
What would cause increased levels?
Increased Creatinine Clearance→ Increased GFR
- Pregnancy- higher blood volume
- Large protein intake
- Exercise
What would cause decreased levels?
The kidneys are solely responsible for removing Creatinine from the blood. If kidney function is declining, the creatinine level increases in the blood, but less creatinine is excreted into the urine.
Decreased Creatinine Clearance→ Decreased GFR
- Abnormal kidney function
- Poor perfusion
- Dehydration
- Bladder obstruction
- Nephrotoxic medications
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What is the Lab Name for Creatinine (Cr) Lab Values?
Creatinine
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Creatinine?
Cr
What is Creatinine in terms of Nursing Labs?
Creatinine (Cr) is a byproduct of creatine metabolism, and it is excreted by the kidneys. Creatinine is created in proportion to muscle mass and usually stays stable.
What is the Normal Range for Creatinine?
0.7-1.4 mg/dL
What are the Indications for Creatinine?
- Identify:
- Muscular disorders
- Renal disease
What would cause Increased Levels of Creatinine?
- Gigantism
- Acromegaly
- Renal disease
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Dehydration
- Shock
- Hyperparathyroidism
What would cause Decreased Levels of Creatinine?
- Loss of muscle mass
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Inadequate protein intake
- Pregnancy
- Liver disease
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What is the Lab Name for Creatine Kinase (CK) Lab Values?Creatine Kinase
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Creatine Kinase?
CK
What is Creatine Kinase in terms of Nursing Labs?
Creatine kinase (CK) enzyme is found in heart and skeletal muscle and to a lesser extent brain. When damage is done to these types of tissue CK is released into the blood. There are three isoenzymes, and depending on which one is elevated this lab value can help determine timing, location, extent of damage. The three isoenzymes are CK-MB (cardiac), CK-MM (skeletal), and CK-BB (brain).
What is the Normal Range for Creatine Kinase?
55 – 170 U/L
What are the Indications for Creatine Kinase?
- Monitor:
- Muscle damage
- Diagnose:
- Acute Myocardial Infarction(MI)
- Ischemia
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Evaluate success of treatment
What would cause Increased Levels of Creatine Kinase?
- Muscle damage
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Heart attack
- Exercise
- Kennedy’s Disease
- Stroke
What would cause Decreased Levels of Creatine Kinase?
- Early pregnancy
- Small stature
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What is the Lab Name for Cholesterol (Chol) Lab Values?
Cholesterol
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Cholesterol?
Chol
What is Cholesterol in terms of Nursing Labs?
Cholesterol (Chol) is a lipid in the body. It is a part of cell membranes as well as a precursor for vitamin D, steroids, and bile acids. Cholesterol is primarily synthesized in the liver and intestines and is transported via lipoproteins. There are multiple types of lipoproteins, each have slightly different functions. The two most common types of lipoproteins are high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
What is the Normal Range for Cholesterol?
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What is the Lab Name for Chloride (Cl-) Lab Values?
Chloride
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Chloride?
Cl-
What is Chloride in terms of Nursing Labs?
Chloride (Cl–), an anion found in the blood, works together with sodium to help maintain oncotic pressure and water balance in the body. Chloride is inversely related to bicarbonate levels in the blood. Chloride is also part of hydrochloric acid (HCL) which is utilized in the stomach to breakdown food. When Red Blood Cells (RBCs) take up CO2 they take up chloride as well. The negative ion bicarbonate then leaves the red blood cell so that the electrical charge is maintained. Extra chloride is excreted into the urine by the kidneys.
What is the Normal Range for Chloride?
96-108 mEq/L
What are the Indications for Chloride?
- Identify
- Acid-Base Imbalance
What would cause Increased Levels of Chloride?
- Dehydration
- Acute Renal Failure
- Cushing Disease
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Respiratory Alkalosis
What would cause Decreased Levels of Chloride?
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Water intoxication
- Burns
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Respiratory Acidosis
- Addison Disease
- Salt-losing Nephritis
- Excessive sweating
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
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What is the Lab Name for Calcium (Ca+) Lab Values?
Calcium
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Calcium?
Ca+
What is Calcium in terms of Nursing Labs?
Calcium (Ca+), a positive ion in the body, is necessary for neuromuscular processes, bone mineralization, and hormonal secretion. The parathyroid gland and vitamin D are responsible for calcium regulation in the body. In the blood, about half of calcium travels in ion form, the other half is bound to proteins like albumin. When albumin levels are low, calcium levels will appear lower. Calcium has an important relationship with phosphorus: they are inversely proportional.
What is the Normal Range for Calcium?
8.4-10.2 mg/dL
What are the Indications for Calcium?
- Identify problems with:
- Parathyroid
- Neuromuscular functions
- Diseases that affect bone
- Effectiveness of treatments.
What would cause Increased Levels of Calcium?
- Cancers:
- Breast, lung, and multiple myeloma are the most common
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Acidosis
- Renal transplant
- Sarcoidosis
- Vitamin D toxicity
- Dehydration
What would cause Decreased Levels of Calcium?
- Malnutrition
- Cirrhosis
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Alkalosis
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Malabsorption
- Alcoholism
- Osteomalacia
- Vitamin D deficiency
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What is the Lab Name for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Lab Values?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Blood Urea Nitrogen?
BUN
What is Blood Urea Nitrogen in terms of Nursing Labs?
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures the amount of urea in the blood. When protein is broken down ammonia is formed. Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver and is eventually excreted in the kidneys.
What is the Normal Range for Blood Urea Nitrogen?
7-20 mg/dL
What are the Indications for Blood Urea Nitrogen?
- Identifying:
- Liver Problems
- Renal Problems
- Hydration Status
- Tumor Lysis
- Evaluate effects of drugs on:
- Liver
- Kidney
- Monitor effectiveness of hemodialysis
What would cause Increased Levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen?
- Renal Failure
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Kidney Disease
- Shock
- Dehydration
- Excessive Protein Intake
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Gastrointestinal (GI) bleed
- Urinary Tract Obstruction
What would cause Decreased Levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen?
- Liver Failure
- Over-hydration
- Inadequate Protein Intake
- Pregnancy
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Objective:
Determine the significance and clinical use of measuring Direct or Conjugated Bilirubin in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Direct or Conjugated Bilirubin
Description:
Bilirubin is a substance made when your body breaks down old red blood cells. This is a normal process. Bilirubin is also part of bile, which your liver makes to help digest the food you eat.
A small amount of bilirubin in your blood is normal.
Some bilirubin is bound to albumin in the blood. This type of bilirubin is called unconjugated, or indirect, bilirubin.
In the liver, bilirubin is changed into a form that your body can get rid of. This is called conjugated bilirubin or direct bilirubin.
This bilirubin travels from the liver into the small intestine. A very small amount passes into your kidneys and is excreted in your urine. This bilirubin also gives urine its distinctive yellow color and contributes to the brown color of stool.
Indications:
- Newborns – immature liver has trouble clearing bilirubin and manifests as jaundice
- Investigate jaundice in adults
- Blockage of bile ducts- (liver or gallbladder)
- Detection of liver disease- particularly hepatitis
- Monitor progression of hepatitis
- Detect issues with RBC breakdown→hemolytic anemia
- Suspected drug toxicity- many medications are metabolized and cleared in the liver
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
Increased levels linked to:
- Poor liver function or hepatitis
- Certain medications
- Hemolytic anemia
- Pregnancy
- Sepsis- poor perfusion
- Exercise
- TPN
- ETOH
What would cause decreased levels?
Studies are inconclusive regarding risk or association with disease process in the presence of a decreased bilirubin level.
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What is the Lab Name for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Lab Values?
Aspartate Aminotransferase
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Aspartate Aminotransferase?AST
What is Aspartate Aminotransferase in terms of Nursing Labs?Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme primarily found in liver and heart cells and to a smaller extent, AST can also be found in the pancreas, kidneys, skeletal muscle, and brain. Levels of AST increase from cell death (necrosis) because the AST enzyme is released into the blood.
What is the Normal Range for Aspartate Aminotransferase?12-37 U/L
What are the Indications for Aspartate Aminotransferase?
- Monitor progression of:
- Liver disease
- Response to treatments.
- Monitor liver toxic medications
What would cause Increased Levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase?
- Liver disease
- Liver cancer
- Shock
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Pericarditis
- Biliary tract obstruction
- Dermatomyositis
- Pancreatitis
- Muscular Dystrophy
- CVA
- Hemolytic anemia
- Delirium Tremens (DT)
What would cause Decreased Levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase?
N/A
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What is the Lab Name for Amylase Lab Values?
Amylase
What is Amylase in terms of Nursing Labs?
Amylase is made in the pancreas. It is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates to allow our body to absorb it. Monitoring amylase levels can identify problems with the pancreas.
What is the Normal Range for Amylase?
0-130 U/L
What are the Indications for Amylase?
- Diagnosing:
- Pancreatitis
- Pancreatic Duct Obstruction
- Macroamylasemia
- Trauma to Pancreas
What would cause Increased Levels of Amylase?
- Pancreatitis
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Pancreatic Cyst
- DKA
- Peritonitis
- Abdominal Trauma
- Duodenal Obstruction
- Mumps
- Alcohol use
What would cause Decreased Levels of Amylase?
- Pancreatic Insufficiency
- Pancreatectomy
- Toxemia of Pregnancy
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Liver Disease
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What is the Lab Name for Ammonia (NH3) Lab Values?
Ammonia
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Ammonia?
NH3
What is Ammonia in terms of Nursing Labs?
Ammonia (NH3) is a byproduct created when protein is broken down. Ammonia is converted into urea in the liver, and urea is excreted by the kidneys. During liver disease, ammonia levels rise and can have a negative effect on the brain.
What is the Normal Range for Ammonia?
19-60 mcg/dL
What are the Indications for Ammonia?
- Identifying liver disease
- Monitoring hepatic encephalopathy
- Evaluating effectiveness of treatment.
What would cause Increased Levels of Ammonia?
- Liver Failure
- Hepatic Coma (Hepatic Encephalopathy)
- Reye’s syndrome
- Total Parental Nutrition (TPN)
- Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- Some Antibiotics:
- Neomycin
- Hypertension
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Objective:Determine the significance and clinical use of alkaline phosphatase in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Alkaline Phosphatase – ALP
Description:
Measures amount of ALP in circulation
Located in several places in the body:
- Liver
- Intestines
- Biliary tract
- Bones
- Placenta
Different isoenzymes of ALP are used to determine:
- Liver, bone, intestine and other cancers
- Bone turnover in postmenopausal women
Indications:
Evaluation of ALP:
- Hepatobiliary disease
- Malignancies
- Bone disease
- Bone damage in renal patients
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 40-130 U/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
Increased levels assessed in:
- Liver disease
- Bone disease
- Pregnancy
- Amyloidosis
- Lung cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Congestive heart failure
- Ulcerative colitis
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Chronic renal failure
- Sarcoidosis
What would cause decreased levels?
- Hypophosphatasia (spelling error on existing outline on NURSING.com)
- Anemia
- Kwashiorkor
- Cretinism
- Hypothyroidism
- Zinc or magnesium deficiency
- Scurvy
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What is the Lab Name for Albumin Lab Values?
Albumin
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Albumin?
alb
What is Albumin in terms of Nursing Labs?
Albumin is a transport protein in the blood. It helps maintain the oncotic pressure of the blood. Albumin levels will drop if synthesis is slowed, protein intake is inadequate, or there are increased losses. Albumin has a long half life, however, so levels are not a good indicator of acute illness.
What is the Normal Range for Albumin?
3.5 – 6.0 g/dL
What are the Indications for Albumin?
- Evaluation of chronic illness
- Liver disease
- Nutritional status
What would cause Increased Levels of Albumin?
- Dehydration
- Hyper infusion
- Albumin
What would cause Decreased Levels of Albumin?
- Inadequate intake
- Liver disease
- Inflammation
- Chronic disease
- Losses (fistula, hemorrhage, kidney disease, burns)
- Over hydration
- Increased catabolism
- Congestive heart failure
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Objective:Determine the significance and clinical use of Alanine Aminotransferase in clinical practice
Lab Test Name:
Alanine Aminotransferase – ALT
Description:
Measures amount of ALT, an enzyme produced by the liver, present in circulation
Found in:
Most abundantly in liver
Heart
Skeletal muscle
kidney
Increases in lab values indicate liver disease or liver damage
Indications:
Evaluation of ALT:
- Progression of liver disease
- Monitoring response to treatment
Normal Therapeutic Values:
Normal – 40-130 U/L
Collection:
- Plasma separator tube
What would cause increased levels?
INCREASED:
- Cirrhosis
- Muscle damage
- Preeclampsia
- Biliary tract obstruction
- Burns
- Pancreatitis
- Long-term alcohol abuse
- Liver Cancer
- Muscular dystrophy
- MI
- Myositis
- Shock
- Infection-mononucleosis
What would cause decreased levels?
DECREASED:
- Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency
- A rare genetic metabolic disorder
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What is the Lab Name for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Lab Values?
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
What is the Lab Abbreviation for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time?
APTT
What is Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in terms of Nursing Labs?
APPT is a test that measures the amount of time it takes for a fibrin clot to form after reagents have been added to the specimen. It is useful in diagnosis clotting disorders. In conjunction with PT it can be used to differentiate the specific factor that may be missing.
What is the Normal Range for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time?
25-39 seconds
What are the Indications for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time?
- Identifying
- Congenital deficiencies in clotting
- Monitoring
- Effects of liver disease
- Protein deficiency
- Fat malabsorption on clotting
What would cause Increased Levels of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time?
- Vitamin K deficiency
- DIC
- Patients on hemodialysis
- Afibrinogenemia
- Polycythemia
- Liver disease
- Von Willebrand disease
What would cause Decreased Levels of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time?
- N/A
